Positive psychology Essay Example for Free

Positive psychology EssayAs a child we argon told the future is our oasis But is this re aloney the truth when we look at the basics? When I was young and asked what I wanted to be I of course replied just like daddy Now I wasnt referring to his short letter success I was only concerned about the love he expressed So when we are told that the future couldnt be brighter Why do people only think about becoming an astronaut or fire fighter? What is often forgotten is the truth of the matter There is untold more to life, this is just a part of the batter Making the cake is a process that is extensive. What we need to remember is that it doesnt need to be expensive Why does unitys life have to be determined by their occupation? It has become a norm in society, almost a fixation In order to be happy one has to have a high paying job and big house Luxuries ext end up as a far as a Maserati or a cottage with a boathouse With this in mind, young students face great pressure and tension tame has become an entity beyond comprehension It was in my understanding that we come here to learn But when I look around all I chaffer is heads turned.Heads turned from the reality of the true meaning of life Kids only concerned with grades as if they are being forced with a knife This figurative pricker comes in the hands of universities What happened to opening the door for a girl or showing a little common courtesy? People approach university with a new hopeful attitude We can now receive self fulfillment and gratitude The reality of the situation is prospicient, grueling hours spent with your head buried in a book No one reflects on themselves or even lifts their head to take a look.Many pass these four years with not an aspiration in mind Not even looking ahead, continuing to remain blind Then university is over, time for life to begin With endless possibility, one cannot help but grin Then it hits you, like a strike across the face Money is happiness therefore you join the rat go What is interesting about this race is that there is no winner The winner is still a rat the only objective is to provide a come apart dinner What has been lost in the mix is the wisdom and prudenceAny successful man would point out that our actions are rather foolish And by successful I am not referring to economic victory I am referring to the people who have shaped our history Not the Donald Trumps, Mark Zuckerbergs or Warren Buffets These are simply the people enslaved as economic puppets I am referring to the Gandhis, Malcolm Xs and Martin Luther Kings The people who created form, the venting they were able to bring I believe that with great people comes great change.This change is not as simple as a stock trade, it is long range Not only is it eternally priceless but it has a rippling effect One great person affects all around them, sometimes unknowingly or indirect When I think of inspiration I think of the president of Uruguay The poorest president in the worl d challenged what society sees as the authority Donating 90% of his salary leaving just $1250 dollars per year to his name It makes one question why we only seek to make large sums of money or achieve great fame Dont mistake my message for an attempt to say that we are all greedy I simply want you to be aware that life isnt all that easy Money can solve your surface problems but this solution is temporary.Reflect on your goals and ambitions before you end up in a cemetery I feel that change is possible regardless of your situation It does not depend on your gender, race, religion or sexual orientation Change isnt easy but we are all more than capable When life pushes you to the curb, you are hurt but unbreakable In a world that seams hopeless it is important to remember life goes on Make sure to look up, stay positive and never confirm withdrawn.We are all brothers and sisters part of something that is greater Be fearless and hopeful and live up to your nature We are often referre d to as the careless times who lack a work ethic But I would argue that statement is unjustified and rather pathetic We have the means to create change and it is already happening People like the Keilburgers come across as rather baffling But when looked at in perspective they are simply two people with a dream A dream that arises a common theme.This theme is that we moldiness love and be aware We must create a life for all that is just and fair In saying all this I am not trying to discourage I hope all your child hood dreams come to the surface Theres a world full of hope, possibility and prosperity And my wish to all is a fulfilling life of mental clarity Ultimately what it comes down to is the way we are taught as youth There is nothing more powerful whence the honest truth When asked what we would like to be in our future Happiness should come to mind, the only acceptable answer.

Tsunami and Physical Protection Measures Essay Example for Free

Tsunami and Physical Protection Measures EssayWhat is tsunami?A tsunami (plural tsunamis or tsunami from Japanese , lit. harbor wave1 English pronunciation /sunmi/ soo-nah-mee or/tsunmi/ tsoo-nah-mee2) is a serial publication of piddle waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calving, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or be beginning water all have the electric potential to generate a tsunami. 3 Tsunami waves do non resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer.Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami whitethorn instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they be often referred to as tidal waves. Tsunamis broadly speaking consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called wave train.4 Wave heights of tens of meters can be generated by large correctts. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their cataclysmal power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with perpetuallyyplace 230,000 people killed in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.The Greek historian Thucydides suggested in 426 BC that tsunamis were related to submarine temblors,56 but the understanding of a tsunamis nature remained slim down until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans and to a fault to forecast how tsunami waves would interact with specific shorelines.Etymology (Literary meaning)Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as ti dal waves. In recent years, this term has fallen out of favor, especially in the scientific community, because tsunamis actually have nothing to do with tides. The once-popular term derives from their most common appearance, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunami and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland performance of water is much greater and lasts for a longer period, giving the impression of an incredibly high tide. Although the meanings of tidal include resembling8 or having the form or quality of9 the tides, and the term tsunami is no more accurate because tsunami are not limited to harbours, use of the term tidal waves discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.HistoryMain hold Historic tsunamiAs early as 426 BC the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his book History of the Peloponnesian War about the causes of tsunami, and was the first to palisade that ocean earthquakes must be the cause.56 The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is impelled back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen.14 The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae 26.10.15-19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the 365 AD tsunami devastated Alexandria.1516 While Japan may have the longest enter history of tsunamis, the sheer destruction caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in new-fashioned times, killing around 230,000 people. The Sumatran region is not unused to tsunamis either, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.17Generation mechanismsThe principal generation mech anism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea.18 This displacement of water is usually attributed to either earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests.1920 The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. Tides do not play any part in the generation of tsunamis. Tsunami generated by seismicityTsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earths crustal deformation when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.21 More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with focused or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement i nvolved. Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami.The energy released produces tsunami waves.Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres),22 which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.Tsunami generated by landslidesIn the 1950s, it was discovered that larger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giant landslides. Underwater landslides that generate tsunamis are calledsciorrucks.23 These phen omena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or expansion transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet). The wave didnt travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another(prenominal) boat amazingly managed to ride the wave. Scientists named these waves megatsunami. Scientists discovered that extremely large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generate megatsunamis that can cross oceans.MeteotsunamisSome meteorological conditions, such as deep depressions that cause tropical cyclones, can generate a storm surge, called a meteotsunami, which can raise tides several metres above normal levels. The displacement comes from low atmospheric pressure within the centre of the depression. As these storm surges reach shore, they may resemble (though are not) tsunamis, inundating vast areas of land.24

Essay On Parliamentary Sovereignty

Essay On Parliamentary SovereigntyTesco was founded in 1924 by deception Edward Cohen in the East End of London. The name Tesco, was first used on tea, and was derived from the initials of Cohens tea supplier, T E Stockwell, combined with the first two letters of Cohen. Tesco Stores hold in was incorporated in 1932. In 1935, Jack Cohen visited the U S A and was impressed by the supermarts ego-service system which en adequated more raft to be served faster, with impose labour make ups. In 1947, the Tesco branch in St Albans, a small stool by 21st century standards (200 squ be metres) was the first Tesco to be converted to self service, although it didnt immediately catch the publics imagination. See appendix 1 for details.Tescos Mission StatementTescos commission statement is to Retain Loyal People. To make sure Tesco achieve their mission statement, they need to know who their loyal customers be. That is why Tesco has got a club card service, with which they can award peop le by giving them special vouchers and duplicate points.VisionA business aim is an compositions long-term goal.In 2005, the two burden prizes of Tesco are No- unity tries harder for customers and Treat people as we same(p) to be treated.In 2006, Tescos mission and vision shows that this confederation is really for graphic symbol service and values their customers Be the leader in Quality Service provided to everyone in the retail exertion Understand the take of their client and respond with urgency. Meet customers demands and exceeds their expectations Maintain highly trained and motivated employees. Continuously improve their skills, service and achieve chastity in all of the companys endeavours.ObjectiveObjectives are goals that a firm sets itself for the next three or five years. They have a timescale, they must be mensural and they must contribute to the business achieving its aims. The core accusatory of Tesco is to establish value for customers in order to take a leak their looktime loyalty.Tescos success depends on their valued customers. These customers fund and work with the company. Tescos principle is, if the customer equals what they tin, surely these people go away come back and purchase again.Industry St senesce Life CycleThe stage life cycle of the retail industry is no doubt to be maturebecause of the pays they are gaining every year. The retail industrys profit is increasing and profiting from their cash cows. Tesco is the largest UK retailer and the 3rd largest global retailer. Tesco controlled 30.8% of the UK grocery market as of May 2009 and 9% of the UK non-food retail market. The majority of its sales and profits are generated in its 2,282 UK stores, which are part into the fol busteding formatsTesco Express neighbourhood convenience store that centeres on fresh crops, 961 storesTesco Metro city centre convenience store,174 storesTesco Superstore conventional supermarket, 448 storesTesco Extra hypermarket that serves an entire community, 177 storesTesco Homeplus and One-Stop throwaway for its remaining storesThe company also sells general merchandise through and through Tesco Direct, its online and catalogue businesses.Tescos management focuses on customer satisfaction by giving customers more choices where to shop and by offering them attractive outlays on its products. In the fourth quarter of 2008, Tesco began selling new discount range of products to compete more aggressively on set against discounters. Its prices are generally perceived to be at a small premium to Asda and a small discount to Sainsbury and Morrison.Tescos primary supermarket competitors in the UK imply Asda (17.3% share of UK grocery market), Sainsbury (16.3% share), WM Morrison Supermarkets (11.2% share), Waitrose (3.7% share), Aldi (2.9% share) and Lidl (2.3% share). In recent years, some of its major competitors have turned around their struggling stores, which go out make it more challenging for Tesco to ga in square share in the UK market going forward.Tesco uses its customer schooling to send and fragment communications to the millions of its loyalty program members by almost countless demographic, purchase, and lifestyle profiles. Several hundred million in-store purchases per day are being tracked by the loyalty-card program. The company bringed 5,000 customer needs segments, with each segment receiving personalized coupons. Source www.tesco.comIncome Statement Summary Sources Companies, www.DeutscheBank.comTescos UK sales grew 4.3% last year (3% ex gasoline) and its net new stores contributed 2.7% to growth. Its UK sales also benefited from a 53rd week that delineate 2.1% of sales and the first time contribution from the consolidation of Tesco Personal Finance.International sales grew 30.6% (including FX benefits) and 13.6% at constant ex veer rank benefiting from square footage growth and sound sales growth in Asia.The companys in operation(p) margin was flat at 5.9% in fiscal 2009 as unfavourable sales mix was offset by increased productivity and good expense control. Its EPS growth was only 2.6% last year, hurt by 26.7% assess rate vs. 24% in fiscal 2008 when it benefited from tax reimbursement and lower UK corporate tax rate.IntroductionThe organisations of choice are indoors the Retails sector TESCO and ASDA as the elective firm both are UK based companies.1.1 Tesco objectives merge in with each differentAll of Tescos objectives blend in with each different. None of the objectives will work without each other. For example the business will not have any customers if the business is not operating well.Share holders will not invest money in the business, if the business hasnt got any customers. The company will not be able to afford to have any employees working for them if they havent got money being invested in the business.1.2. StakeholdersTesco Stakeholders are a certain group of people that have an interest in Tesco group businesses. E ach group have their own interests in the business. The service-profit chain attempts to show the interrelationship of a companys internal and remote communities, stakeholders and highlights how customer loyalty that translates into revenue growth and profits might be achieved developed by Heskett et al. (1994). It does this by establishing relationships between profitability, customer loyalty, stakeholders and employees satisfaction.Tesco has many stakeholders. They are as follows* Shareholders * Customers* Employees * Government and Non-governmental* Local Community * Suppliers* Financials * Pressure GroupsCustomersGenerally a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a admixture of products to choose from. All customers want these things and by Tesco providing them Tesco will attract more customers because of people talking about it (Word-of-Mouth). Tesco like most business need their customers because they are the business income as the customers are the people who buy Tescos products.Tesco staffs hear customers views on everything from how we are serving them in our stores to our role in the community. The customers are a small-arm like a pressure group because they apply pressure to Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customers needs can be things such as expanding their stores.StaffTesco employees grant management their feedback through the Viewpoint staff survey, Staff Question Time sessions and Tesco Staff Forum process.SuppliersTesco group core value is treat people how we like to be treated, and its something Tesco organisation applied firmly to enhance their suppliers relationships.InvestorsCapital Investor Relations team regularly meet analysts from the financial institutions which invest in Tesco group or represent their shareholders.All the above defined stakeholders are Tesco group influencers. They affect the outcome of the decision making process through their influence on others. regularize could stem formally from expertise, such as the advice of an accountant on return on investment.2. Nature of the Retail (Tesco) market EnvironmentThe definition that the module grant work with is that Tesco organisations marketing environment is made up of those forces that lie outside the Tesco group organisation and that exert some degree of influence upon the ways in which marketing management develops relationship with the firms target markets.Two distinct components within Tesco environment are Micro-environment and the macro-environment. See figure 1 below.Social and cultural factors statuteEconomicFactorPoliticalIssuesTechnological changesSupply chainCustomersCompetitorsSuppliersDistributorsTheTescoOrganisationFigure 1. The Tesco Organisations marketing environmentIt is recognised that regardless of which approach Tesco group adopts the environment is a significant determinant both of scheme and organisational performance. Baker (1985, pg. 85) described it as the ultimate constraint upon t he firms dodge Drucker (1969), referred to the environment of the 1960 and 1970s as age of discontinuity and Toffler (1970, pg. 28), who look ahead, referred to it as a time of future shock.2.1. MARKETING AUDITThe marketing size up is really the launching pad for the Tesco marking plan, because it encourages Tesco management to glint systematically on the environment and the organisations ability to respond, given its actual and planned capabilities.Similar to financial audit, marketing audit is first and critical about evolution a shared, agreed and objective understanding of Tesco organisation.The audit is has suggested by McDonald (1995, p.28)The means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weakness as they relate to external opportunities and threats It is thus a way of helping management to select a position in that environment based on cognize factors.Three major elements and potential benefits of the marketing audit can be seen to beThe detailed analysis o f the external environment and internal situationThe objective evaluation of past performance and present activities.The clearer identification of future opportunities and threats.These three above factors can be viewed against the background of comments made by Ansoff (1968 1984), who has suggested that irrespective of the size of the organisation, corporate decisions have to be made within the constraint of a limited total resource.Marketing audit have a place the boilers suit management audit that incorporate financial audit together with audits of other functional areas as illustrated in figure 2 below.Marketing audit in terms of structure consists of three major and detailed diagnostic steps. That involved a review of Tesco organisations environment (opportunities and threats) builded to establish the various dimensions of the marketing environment, change and probable impact of these change upon the organisation its marketing systems (strengths and weakness) an assessmen t of the fulfilment to which Tescos marketing systems are capable of dealing with the demands of the environment and its marketing activities review of the single(a) components of the marketing mix.There are the environmental variables and operational variables with distinction in terms of the macro-environmental forces (political / legal, economic / demographic, social / cultural, and technological) that affect the business. Micro-environmental actors (customers, competitors, distributors and suppliers) who subsequently influence Tesco organisations ability to take to the woods profitably in the market-placeMacro environment is the most general external audit of the environment, that consist of roomy environmental factors, aimed at identifying fundamental variable that offer actionable responses that would benefit Tesco and threats that must be avoided. These key external forces can be divided into five broad categories.Economic forcesSocial, Cultural, Demographic and Environ mental forcesPolitical, Governmental and Legal forcesTechnological forcesCompetitive ForceFinancialauditPersonnel auditProduction auditTheManagement auditMarketing audit outside(a) (Opportunities and threats) MacroThe business and economic environments (political, economic, social/cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors PESTLE)MarketCompetitionINTERNAL (Strengths and weaknesses) MicroOrganisational performance and structureOperations and resourcesMarketing objectivesMarketing strategyInformation systemsPlanning systemsControl systemsFunctional efficiencyInter-functional efficiencyProfitability analysisCost-effective analysisFigure 2. The place of the marketing audit in the overall management audit2.2. SWOT AnalysisThe strengths and weaknesses of a SWOT analysis focus on the current market position of Tesco in retails business in relation to itsCustomers is the business see the needs of its target marketsCompetitors- is the business offering a better way of meet ing customer needs compared with its competitorsInternal resources- is the business making effective use of its internal resources to meet customer needs and deal with competitionThe opportunities and threats of a SWOT analysis focus on the future market position of Tesco in retails business.Tesco organisation used their strengths and limits the weaknesses to plan for future development, marketing strategies and activities.Tescos opportunities and threats grew out of objectives, consideration of the real strengths and weaknesses of their business.Specific information were collated (such as data captured and analysed from CRM programs) before the process begins and personnel working to a joint solutions, adopted a truly objective positioning for the processes to be undefeated and worthwhile.2.2.1. The main purpose of a SWOT analysisIdentify market opportunitiesTo avoid complacency about market position a self evaluating governanceAs a safety check before embarking on major new pro jectAs a response to change change of managing director might initiate a SWOT analysis to gauge the strength of the team.There is no set procedure for carrying out a SWOT analysis but care must be taken to identify weaknesses if the process is to serve its purpose. A weakness may purely be lack of information, or lack of suitably qualified staff.SWOT analysis of TESCOStrengthsWeaknessesTo provide high level customer servicePresence in multiple retail marketsFor Tesco to bring in unique productsIncreasing market shareWide knowledge of retail industryCompetent top management and rank file for operation and maintenanceExisting customer baseFinancial investment backing.Strong IT returns through internet shopGood advertisingUsed iconic shams to attract core target group.Tesco OnlineBrand valueInsuranceSecured mercantile standing within the global market place winning Retailer of the Year 2008 at the being Retail Awards. This can be used for marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainabilityProduct diversification plateful and article of furnitureTurnaround in sales and growthAs a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of book of facts linked with income derived from property portfolio development funds.In an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like for like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets.As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds.Tescos position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items.Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in unique(predicate) areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailers.Low supervision on international marketConsiderably late exploitation of the Internet.Whilst current economic conditions suggest Tescos key value message will succeed there is a weakness in non-essential, mid to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes.Reliance upon the UK market comparing Tesco with British Airways might get you thinking about how dependent Tesco is on the UK market (73.8% of 2003 revenues.)Comparing Tesco with Amazon might reveal flaws in its attempts to move into new markets.TESCO Finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance policy claims.Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailersOpportunitiesThreatsStatistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale.Furt her international growthExpansion of target market rubicund market environmentIncreasing detraction of small retail businesses in UKUse younger more contemporary models to attract younger generation.The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow International markets for the group.The development of Tesco Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space.TESCO mobile have grown million customers in 2008 and moved into gainful status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed.Tesco Homeplus stores offer all of Tescos ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks.Introducing wider ranges such as Tesco (Value, Brand, Finest, Wholefoods, Bakery Kids), Healthy L iving, Organic, Best Of British, World Foods, Cherokee, Free From, Tesco Christmas, Tescos own clothing label F+F to mention fewOther services e.g. banking, insurance, savings to mention few.UK geomorphologic change could spark a price warRising raw material costs from both food and non food will impact profit margins overallInternational expansionEconomic restructuringIntensified competitionGovernment regulationUK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns through the credit crunch. Lower available income will impact and strategical focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on high priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture.Sourcing changes to Far East locations with regards exporting restrictions on some non food product areas will reduce margin rates on products with already low margins.Changes to consumer buying behaviours require further analysis as technology develops consumer buying patterns change which will r esult in product areas requiring evaluation.For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action.Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture.Overconfident of Tesco managementFigure. 3. Tesco Micro and Macro-Environmental SWOT analysis3. Tescos Strategic Options3.1. Generic StrategiesGeneric Strategies are characterised by an individual retailers response to the industry structure. For a giant retailer, such as Tesco, to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage they may have followed either one of three generic strategies, developed by Porter (1985).The first strategy of cost leadership is one in which Tesco can strive to have the lowest costs in the industry and offer its products and services to a broad market at the lowest prices. This strategy will be based on the Tescos ability to control their operating costs so well that they are able to price their products competitively and be able to generate high profit margins, thus having a significant competitive advantage.Tesco used another strategy of differentiation that it has to try to offer services and products with unique features that customers value Tesco was able to create brand loyalty for their offerings, and thus, price inelasticity on the part of buyers. Tescos breadths of product offerings, technology, special features, or customer service are popular approaches to differentiationThe last strategy of focus can be either a cost leadership or differentiation strategy aimed toward a narrow, focused market. In pursuing a cost leadership strategy Tesco focuses on the creation of internal efficiencies that will help them withstand external pressures. Therefore, it appears reasonable to think that Tesco will have frequent interactions with the governmental/regulatory and supplier se ctors of the environment. In accordance to this framework, while both overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies are aimed at the broad market, Tesco may also choose to contain their product to specific market areas or may choose to offer a smaller line of products to the broad market, thus pursuing a strategy of focus or niche (Porter, 1980). In other words, Tesco pursues a strategy of cost leadership or differentiation either in a specific market or with specific products.3.2. Core Competence and Corporate strategySuperior performance, according to Johnson and Scholes (2003), has to be determined by the way in which companys resources are deployed to create competence in the organisational activities. Core competencies are activities or processes that critically underpin the companys competitive advantage. Core competences may be embedded deep in Tesco at an operational level in the work routines. The framework developed by Prahalad and Hamel in the 1990s suggests tha t over time companies may develop key areas of expertise which are distinctive to that company and critical to the companys long term growth (Drejer, 2000 De Toni, and Tonchia, 2003). In the case of Tesco the areas of expertise are most likely to develop in the critical, central areas of the organisation where the most value is added to its service and its deliveryThe joint used by Tesco to describe its aspiration to appeal to upper, medium and low income customers is inclusive offer in the same stores. Tesco pulled off an idea that other retailers were not aware. That appealed to all segments of the market.One plank of this inclusively has been Tescos use of its own-brand products, including the upmarket Finest and low-price Value.Tesco implemented CRM political platform launched the Clubcard rewards program to gather necessary customer information, which it then used to cater to specific customer needs and potential wants. When shoppers signed up for the card, they automatically submitted their age, gender, and income. Tesco was able to segment their shoppers based on these factors. As soon as the shopper used the card when shopping online or in-store, purchased product information was automatically uploaded into Tesco database. Product information was used to cross-sell additional products and services such as grocery delivery services.Beginning in 1997 when Terry Leahy took over as CEO, Tesco began marketing itself using the phrase The Tesco Way to describe the companys core purposes, values, principles, and goals This phrase became the standard marketing speak for Tesco as it expanded domestically and internationally under Leahys leadership, implying a shift by the company to focus on people, both customers and employees.3.3. Partnership with TescoTesco respond to changes in marketing by partnering with other businesses Tesco then added a travel service through a partnership with Lunn Poly, giving discounts off high-street prices.It also combined its ca rd with Visa through the Royal Bank of Scotland, and offered discounts on DIY goods through well-known home improvement chain BQ.In 1997 it added a full range of financial services, and the Tesco Direct service. Adding value was mandatory to these functional items so, for example, expectant mothers were given priority park outside the store, changing facilities, and personal shopping assistants to help them.In 1998, after the U.K.s deregulation of utilities, Tesco began to offer electricity and telecommunications products and services. Also in that year, clothing was added to the range through Next.By this time, Tesco had identified 108 customer market segments. This year, 2000, a joint undertaking with General Motors allows customers to buy cars from Tesco.3.4. Enhancing QualityEveryday, top managers of Tesco stores gather for an hour-and-a-half customer advocacy meeting to pore over that weeks performance statistics. a strategy which is concerned with changing the fundamental beli efs, values and culture of an organisation, harnessing the enthusiasm and participation of everyone.towards an overall idea of right(a) first time by Atkinson and Naden (1989, pg 6). What makes this unusual is that every performance measure under scrutiny relates to customer satisfaction, and this meeting is the most important one on the corporate schedule. See Appendix 2 for On-Time-Delivery Tesco competitive strategy.4. Industry AttractivenessInherent within the notion of strategy is the issue of competitiveness, analyzing industry attractiveness, and Porters (1979) five forces model is used. The attractiveness of the retail industry depends on the situation of competition. The competition in the retail industry is based on its economic structure Porters Five Forces simulation implies that business are being influenced by five forces namely supplier power, threat of substitutes, buyer power, barriers to entry and rivalry. This model also implies that business must be able to und erstand the industry context in which they operate.4.1. Porter five forces analysisA Porters five forces analysis can complement other techniques, like a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis focuses on the company, while a Porters five forces analysis looks at the external factors impacting on a company Porters five forces framework as shown in figure 4, helps identify the sources of competition in the retail sector, and as a way of assessing the attractiveness that profit Tescos retails market. The vestigial force in the macro-environment driven competitive forces are-The bargaining power of supplierThe bargaining power of buyersThe threat of potential new entrantsThe threat of substitutesThe extent of competitive rivalryThe above five forces are not independent of each other, connection between competitive forces and the key driver in macro-environment is essential. Pressures from one direction can trigger off changes in another in a dynamic process of shifting sources of competition.I ndustryCompetitorsRivalry amongExisting firms potencyEntrantsBuyersSuppliersSubstitutesBargaining powerof suppliersBargaining powerof buyersThreat ofsubstitude productsor servicesThreat ofnew entrantsFigure 4, Porters Five Forces ModelThe objectives of such an analysis investigated how Tesco organisation formed its strategy in other to develop opportunities and protect itself against competition and other threats. This must be done in order to better design the strategy that the business will use to be able to compete with rivals within the same industry. It is important for businesses to determine the level of competition present within the industry. This will allow them to address potential risks before they even strike.4.2. Cost advantage and differentiationAccording to Baker (1985), a business positions itself based on its strengths and strength are categorized into two cost advantage and differentiation. Furthermore, when these strengths are applied in either a narrow or a bro ad sense, it will result to three generic strategies focus, differentiation and cost leadership strategy.Cost leadership strategy means that the company is the low cost producer or provider of a certain quality item in a given industry. This kind of strategy is being implemented for two reasons and achieved through two ways. The first method and reason is to sale items at average industry price so that the company will be able to be more profitable compared to rivals. The second method and reason is to sale the products at below average industry price in order to gain market share. According to Baker (1985), a company that has the ability to produce or offer less costly products will be able to remain profitable for a longer period. It is important to note that this strategy targets a broad market.4.3. BCG MatrixTesco can be considered as a cash cow because it distributes quality and extra services to its consumers and equipped with new innovative products and services in United K ingdom. At the same time the company can also be considered as Stars because they put a lot of efforts to increase the awareness of their consumers to the benefits of e-commerce and retailing5. Market Objectives and Strategies ImplementationStrategy frameworks and structuring tools are keys to assessing the business situation. Risk and value trade-offs are made explicit, leading to concrete proposals to add value and reduce risk. Explicit plans for action, including effective planning need to be developed by Tesco as the strategic alternative. Piercy and Morgan (1990, pg. 2) state In short, the ..reality the marketing executive faces is that implementing plans and strategies successfully is often d

Employment Law Cases

Employment Law CasesEmployment Law.Jack As a familiar rule the TUPE Regulations 1981 enable a contract of conflict of an employee to be transferred over to the buyer of a business in the event of a multifariousness from one employer to another means that the new employer must preserve the regulations of the old employer. However an important limitation on the scope of these regulations is the exclusion of changes of control in a eccentricnership through share purchase. This is because the identity of the employer does not change the employer is the same company as before, even though there has been a change of controlling interest. This means that Jack back endnot refuse to cream for the company on account of the change of control and neither can Jack as a trade union member enforce the TUPE regulations in relation to the employers duty to inform and consult with the representatives of the workforce.Sophie It is assumed that Sophies complaint relates to the fact that Claudio is a man whom is doing a similar job to hers and being paid more and therefore she will be considering bring an action under the Equal return present 1970. Under this act Sophie, as a female applicant is allowed to compare her terms and condition with those of a man in the same economic consumption who is employed either like work, work rated as equivalent or work of equal value to hers. This means that Claudio must be employed by the same employer which we know to be true and that he must be shown to be employed in employment which has common terms and conditions of employment broadly to the work that Sophie does. Whether or not this is considered to be the case will depend very much(prenominal) on the types of arrangements that are in place at that item place of employment. Therefore if the employment structure indicates that management roles are to be paid once morest the same pay structure then Great National lingo will be in breach of the Equal Pay Regulations. If this is not the case then they will be not.Anthony There are essentially troika issues that Anthony has raised the first of these is that his supervisor is making inappropriate get offual remarks. This is likely to be considered harassment. In order for Anthony to show that he is being sexually chafe he must show that the he would have been treated differently but for his sex and that the harassment is a particular kind of weapon, based upon the sex of the victim, which, as the employment tribunal recognise would not have been used against an equally disliked women. Therefore if Anthony can show that these remarks amount to sexual harassment then he will be able to bring a claim at the employment tribunal.The second issue is that Anthony objects to the amount of his salary. There is infinitesimal that Anthony can do about this as he is only sixteen he will not be covered by the National nominal Wages Act 1998 which sets a minimum salary that is payable to staff in certain age group s, and Anthony being under the age of 18 can do little to rectify this situation, other than address it with his manager and see if they are prepared to raise his salary or he can try out employment else where.The third issue is that Anthony has injured his back as a result of lifting heavy boxes. Great National Bank owe Anthony a general duty of care with regard to his off the hook(predicate)ty. That duty is four fold and they must provide competent fellow workers, safe materials, a safe place to work and a proper system of work. Great National Bank also have a statutory duty to ensure the health, safety and welfare of persons at work, protection other persons against risks to health and safety arising from work-related activities, and controlling the use of dangerous substances. Therefore if Great National Bank are not providing a safe system of work or are in breach of their general duty of care with regard to Anthonys health and safety then Anthony may have an action against them for his injuriesFrancesca Whether or not Francesca consults the agency or Great National Bank in relation to her request for leave depends very much on whether she is considered to be an employee or not. The Employment Rights Act 1996 defines an employee as an individual who has entered into or works under. A contract of employment and contract of employment is defined, in turn, to mean a contract of service or apprenticeship whether express or implied, and (if it is express) whether oral or in writing. In consideration of this statue it would appear that Francesca is not an employee as she has a contract for service and not a contract of service.However under income taxation and social security legislation Francesca is an employee as the company pay for her, her national insurance and income tax. In support of this argument is the integration test that is often applied to such instances and that is to say one feature which seems to me to stand through the instances is that, u nder a contract of service, a man is employed as part of the business and his work is done as an integral part of the business whereas under a contract for services his work, although done for the business is not integrated into it but is only accessory to it. On this analysis again it would seem that Francesca is an employee of Great National Bank, and therefore it would be concluded that she would have to approach them to enquire about her leave. Ultimately however the decision will be one of fact and law for the tribunal to decide.Bibliography Legislation Employment Rights Act 1996Equal Pay Act 1970.Health and Safety at Work Act 1974National Minimum Wages Act 1998Sex Discrimination Act 1975TUPE Regulations 1981Cases Brookes v Borough Care Services Ltd and CLS Care Services Ltd 1998 IRLR 636Leverton v Clywd County Council 1989 IRLR 28Nokes v Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries Ltd 1940 AC 1014Porcelli v Strathclyde Regional Council 1986 IRLR 134SI (Systems and Instrumentation) Ltd v Grist 1983 IRLR 391Stevenson, Jordan Harrison v MacDonald Evans 1952 1 TLR 101Wilsons Clyde Coal Co Ltd v English 1938 AC 57Books Blackstones Statutes on Employment Law 2004-2005, 14th EditionDeakin S Morris G, (2001) Labour Law , Third Edition, Lexis Nexis Butterworths

Advantages of Binary System

Advantages of binary star dustThe binary star sum up establishment, base devil, uses only two symbols, 0 and 1. Two is the smallest complete f ar that muckle be used as the base of a number system. For many years, mathematicians saw base two as a bounderish system and overlooked the potential of the binary system as a tool for developing computer science and many electrical devices. Base two has several other names, including the binary positional numeration system and the dyadic system. Many civilizations have used the binary system in some form, including inhabitants of Australia, Polynesia, s tabuhwestward America, and Africa. Ancient Egyptian arithmetic depended on the binary system. Records of Chinese mathematics trace the binary system back to the fifth century and possibly earlier. The Chinese were probably the first to appreciate the simplicity of noting integers as sums of functions of 2, with each coefficient being 0 or 1. For example, the number 10 would be pen as one hundred one010= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20Users of the binary system grimace something of a trade-off. The two-digit system has a basic purity that makes it suitable for solving problems of modern technology. However, the forge of writing out binary numbers and using them in mathematical computation is long and cumbersome, making it impractical to use binary numbers for allday calculations.There are no shortcuts for permuteing a number from the usually used denary scale (base ten) to the binary scale.Over the years, several prominent mathematicians have recognized the potential of the binary system. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) invented a bilateral alphabet code, a binary system that used the symbols A and B rather than 0 and 1. In his philosophical work, The Advancement of Learning, Bacon used his binary system to develop ciphers and codes. These studies unyielding the foundation for what was to become word processing in the late twentieth century. The Americ an Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), adopted in 1966, accomplishes the uniform purpose as Bacons alphabet code. Bacons discoveries were all the more(prenominal) remarkable because at the time Bacon was writing, Europeans had no information virtually the Chinese work on binary systems.A German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), learned of the binary system from Jesuit missionaries who had lived in China. Leibniz was quick to recognize the advantages of the binary system over the denary system, but he is also easy k presentlyn for his attempts to transfer binary thinking to theology. He speculated that the creation of the universe may have been based on a binary scale, where God, stand for by the number 1, created the Universe out of nothing, represented by 0. This widely quoted analogy rests on an error, in that it is not strictly correct to twin nothing with zero.The English mathematician and logician George Boole (1815-1864) developed a system of Boolean logic that could be used to analyze any statement that could be rugged down into binary form (for example, true/false, yes/no, male/female). Booles work was ignored by mathematicians for 50 years, until a graduate student at the Massachusetts convey of Technology realized that Boolean algebra could be applied to problems of electronic circuits. Boolean logic is one of the building blocks of computer science, and computer users apply binary principles e actually time they conduct an electronic search.The binary system works well for computers because the mechanical and electronic relays recognize only two states of operation, such as on/off or closed/ blossom forth. Operational characters 1 and 0 stand for 1 = on = closed circuit = true 0 = off = open circuit = false. The telegraph system, which relies on binary code, demonstrates the ease with which binary numbers can be translated into electrical impulses. The binary system works well with electronic machines a nd can also aid in encrypting messages. Calculating machines using base two qualify quantitative fraction numbers to binary form, then take the process back again, from binary to decimal. The binary system, once dismissed as primitive, is thus central to the development of computer science and many forms of electronics. Many important tools of communication, including the typewriter, cathode dig tube, telegraph, and transistor, could not have been developed without the work of Bacon and Boole. Contemporary applications of binary numerals include statistical investigations and probability studies. Mathematicians and everyday citizens use the binary system to explain strategy, prove mathematical theorems, and solve puzzles.Basic Concepts behind the binary SystemTo understand binary numbers, begin by remembering basic school math. When we were first taught about numbers, we learnt that, in the decimal system, things are categorised into tugsH T O1 9 3such that H is the hundre ds tugboat, T is the tens editorial, and O is the ones tug. So the number 193 is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones.Afterwards we learnt that the ones tower meant 100, the tens editorial meant 101, the hundreds column 102 and so on, such that1021011001 9 3The number 193 is really (1*102) + (9*101) + (3*100).We know that the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. If we wished to put a larger number in column 10n (e.g., 10), we would have to multiply 10*10n, which would give 10 (n+1), and be carried a column to the left. For example, if we put ten in the 100 column, it is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 101 column, and a 0 in the 100 column, on that pointfore using two columns. Twelve would be 12*100, or 100(10+2), or 101+2*100, which also uses an additional column to the left (12).The binary system works under the exact said(prenominal) principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. In other words, instead of columns bein g102101100They are,222120Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2n and nourishting 2n+1, which would not fit in the 2n column. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. For example, 3 in binary cannot be put into one column. The first column we fill is the right-most column, which is 20, or 1. Since 31, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as 11 in binary (1*21) + (1*20).Binary AdditionConsider the addition of decimal numbers23+48___We begin by adding 3+8=11. Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10s column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the ones column of the sum. Next, add (2+4) +1 (the one is from the carry) = 7, which is put in the 10s column of the sum. Thus, the answer is 71.Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. lead off with one-bit binary addition0 0 1+0 +1 +0___ ___ ___0 1 11+1 carries us into the attached c olumn. In decimal form, 1+1=2. In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). The decimal number 2 is written in binary notation as 10 (1*21)+(0*20). Record the 0 in the ones column, and carry the 1 to the twos column to get an answer of 10. In our vertical notation,1+1___10The process is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers1010+1111______ musical note one pillar 20 0+1=1.Record the 1.Temporary Result 1 Carry 0Step twoColumn 21 1+1=10.Record the 0 carry the 1.Temporary Result 01 Carry 1Step leadColumn 22 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry 1+1=10.Record the 0, carry the 1.Temporary Result 001 Carry 1Step fourColumn 23 1+1=10. Add 1 from carry 10+1=11.Record the 11.Final closure 1 coulomb1Alternately11 (carry)1010+1111______11001Always remember0+0=01+0=11+1=10Try a few examples of binary addition111 101 111+110 +111 +111______ _____ _____1101 1100 1110Binary MultiplicationMultiplication in the binary system works the same way as in the deci mal system1*1=11*0=00*1=0101* 11____1011010_____1111Note that multiplying by two is extremely easy. To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end.Binary DivisionFollow the same rules as in decimal division. For the sake of simplicity, throw away the symme tense.For Example 111011/1110011 r 10_______11)111011-11______101-11______10111______10 quantitative to BinaryConverting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how by the use of algorithms. Begin by thinking of a few examples. We can easily see that the number 3= 2+1. and that this is equivalent to (1*21)+(1*20). This translates into putting a 1 in the 21 column and a 1 in the 20 column, to get 11. Almost as intuitive is the number 5 it is obviously 4+1, which is the same as saying (2*2) +1, or 22+1. This can also be written as (1*22)+(1*20). Looking at this in columns,22 21 201 0 1or 101.What were doing here is finding the largest power of two within the nu mber (22=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (20=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). Then we just put this into columns. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. Lets take a look at how it works. We know that20=121=222=423=824=1625=3226=6427=128and so on. To convert the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. Thus, we would put a 1 in the 26 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 23. Put 1 in the 23 column, and 0 in 24 and 25. Subtract 8 from 11 to get 3. Put 1 in the 21 column, 0 in 22, and subtract 2 from 3. Were left with 1, which goes in 20, and we subtract one to get zero. Thus, our number is 1001011.Making this algorithm a bit more semiformal gives usLet D=number we wish to convert from decimal to binaryRepeat until D=0a. Find the largest power of two in D. Let this equal P. b. Put a 1 in binary column P.c. Subtract P from D.Put zeros in all columns which dont have ones.This algorithm is a bit awkward. Particularly step 3, filling in the zeros. Therefore, we should rewrite it such that we ascertain the judge of each column individually, putting in 0s and 1s as we goLet D= the number we wish to convert from decimal to binaryFind P, such that 2P is the largest power of two littler than D.Repeat until PIf 2Pput 1 into column Psubtract 2P from DElseput 0 into column PEnd ifSubtract 1 from PNow that we have an algorithm, we can use it to convert numbers from decimal to binary relatively painlessly. Lets exploit the number D=55.Our first step is to find P. We know that 24=16, 25=32, and 26=64. Therefore, P=5.25Subtracting 55-32 leaves us with 23. Subtracting 1 from P gives us 4.Following step 3 again, 24Next, subtract 16 from 23, to get 7. Subtract 1 from P gives us 3.237, so we put a 0 in the 23 column110Next, subtract 1 from P, which gives us 2.22Subtract 4 from 7 to get 3. Subtract 1 from P to get 1.21Subtract 2 from 3 to get 1. Subtract 1 from P to get 0.20Subtract 1 from 1 to get 0. Subtract 1 from P to get -1.P is now less than zero, so we stop.Another algorithm for converting decimal to binaryHowever, this is not the only approach possible. We can start at the right, rather than the left. on the whole binary numbers are in the forman*2n + an-1*2(n-1)++a1*21 + a0*20where each ai is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 20 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point.Now we need to do the remaining digits. One idea is to shift them. It is also easy to see that multiplying and dividing by 2 shifts everything by one column two in binary is 10, or (1*21). Dividing (1*21) by 2 gives us (1*20), or just a 1 in binary. Similarly, multiplying by 2 shifts in the ot her direction (1*21)*2=(1*22) or 10 in binary. Thereforean*2n + an-1*2(n-1) + + a1*21 + a0*20/2is equal toan*2(n-1) + an-1*2(n-2) + + a120Lets look at how this can foster us convert from decimal to binary. Take the number 163. We know that since it is odd, there must be a 1 in the 20 column (a0=1). We also know that it equals 162+1. If we put the 1 in the 20 column, we have 162 left, and have to decide how to translate the remaining digits.Twos column Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 20 column. Since we divided the number by two, we took out one power of two. Similarly, the statement an-1*2(n-1) + an-2*2(n-2) + + a1*20 has a power of two removed. Our new 20 column now contains a1. We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 20 column if the number is odd. Since 81 is odd, a1=1. Practically, we can simply keep a running total, which now stands at 11 (a1=1 and a0=1). Also note that a1 is essentially multiplied again by two just by putt ing it in front of a0, so it is automatically fit into the correct column.Fours column Now we can subtract 1 from 81 to see what remainder we passive must place (80). Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4s column, (because what we are actually placing is a 20 column, and the number is not odd).Eights column We can divide by two again to get 20. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8s column. Our running total now stands at a3=0, a2=0, a1=1, and a0=1.Negation in the Binary SystemSigned MagnitudeOnes accompanimentTwos ComplementExcess 2(m-1)These techniques work well for non-negative integers, but how do we indicate negative numbers in the binary system?Before we investigate negative numbers, we note that the computer uses a fixed number of bits or binary digits. An 8-bit number is 8 digits long. For this section, we will work with 8 bits.Signed MagnitudeThe simplest way to indicate negation is gestural magnitude. In signed magnitude, the left-most bit is no t actually part of the number, but is just the equivalent of a +/- sign. 0 indicates that the number is positive, 1 indicates negative. In 8 bits, 00001100 would be 12 (break this down into (1*23) + (1*22) ). To indicate -12, we would simply put a 1 rather than a 0 as the first bit 10001100.Ones ComplementIn ones complement, positive numbers are represented as usual in regular binary. However, negative numbers are represented differently. To negate a number, replace all zeros with ones, and ones with zeros flip the bits. Thus, 12 would be 00001100, and -12 would be 11110011. As in signed magnitude, the leftmost bit indicates the sign (1 is negative, 0 is positive). To compute the value of a negative number, flip the bits and translate as before.Twos ComplementBegin with the number in ones complement. Add 1 if the number is negative. Twelve would be represented as 00001100, and -12 as 11110100. To verify this, lets subtract 1 from 11110100, to get 11110011. If we flip the bits, we g et 00001100, or 12 in decimal.In this notation, m indicates the total number of bits. For us (working with 8 bits), it would be excess 27. To represent a number (positive or negative) in excess 27, begin by taking the number in regular binary representation. Then add 27 (=128) to that number. For example, 7 would be 128 + 7=135, or 27+22+21+20, and, in binary, 10000111. We would represent -7 as 128-7=121, and, in binary, 01111001.NoteUnless you know which representation has been used, you cannot figure out the value of a number.A number in excess 2 (m-1) is the same as that number in twos complement with the leftmost bit flipped.To see the advantages and disadvantages of each method, lets try working with them.Using the regular algorithm for binary addition, add (5+12), (-5+12), (-12+-5), and (12+-12) in each system. Then convert back to decimal numbers.APPLICATIONS OF BINARY NUMBER systemThe binary number system, also called thebase-2number system, is a method of representing nu mbers that counts by using combinations of only two numerals zero (0) and one (1). Computers use the binary number system to manipulate and store all of their data including numbers, words, videos, graphics, and music.The term bit, the smallest unit of digital technology, stands for Binary digit. A byte is a group of eight bits. A kilobyte is 1,024 bytes or 8,192 bits.Using binary numbers, 1 + 1 = 10 because 2 does not exist in this system. A different number system, the commonly used decimal orbase-10number system, counts by using 10 digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) so 1 + 1 = 2 and 7 + 7 = 14. Another number system used by computer programmers is hexadecimal system,base-16, which uses 16 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F), so 1 + 1 = 2 and 7 + 7 = E. Base-10 and base-16 number systems are more compact than the binary system. Programmers use the hexadecimal number system as a convenient, more compact way to represent binary numbers because it is very easy to convert from binar y to hexadecimal and vice versa. It is more difficult to convert from binary to decimal and from decimal to binary.The advantage of the binary system is its simplicity. A computing device can be created out of anything that has a series of switches, each of which can alternate between an on position and an off position. These switches can be electronic, biological, or mechanical, as long as they can be moved on command from one position to the other. Most computers have electronic switches.When a switch is on it represents the value of one, and when the switch is off it represents the value of zero. Digital devices perform mathematical operations by turning binary switches on and off. The faster the computer can turn the switches on and off, the faster it can perform its calculations.Binary ten-foldHexadecimalNumberNumberNumberSystemSystemSystem0001111022113310044101551106611177100088100199101010A101111B110012C110113D111014E111115F100001610Positional NotationEach numeral in a binary number takes a value that depends on its position in the number. This is called positional notation. It is a concept that also applies to decimal numbers.For example, the decimal number 123 represents the decimal value 100 + 20 + 3. The number one represents hundreds, the number two represents tens, and the number three represents units. A mathematical formula for generating the number 123 can be created by multiplying the number in the hundreds column (1) by 100, or 102 multiplying the number in the tens column (2) by 10, or 101 multiplying the number in the units column (3) by 1, or 100 and then adding the products together. The formula is 1-102+ 2-101+ 3-100= 123.This shows that each value is multiplied by the base (10) raised to increasing powers. The value of the power starts at zero and is incremented by one at each new position in the formula.This concept of positional notation also applies to binary numbers with the difference being that the base is 2. For example, to find the decimal value of the binary number 1101, the formula is 1-23+ 1-22+ 0-21+ 1-20= 13.Binary OperationsBinary numbers can be manipulated with the same familiar operations used to calculate decimal numbers, but using only zeros and ones. To add two numbers, there are only four rules to rememberTherefore, to solve the following addition problem, start in the rightmost column and add 1 + 1 = 10 write down the 0 and carry the 1. Working with each column to the left, continue adding until the problem is solved.To convert a binary number to a decimal number, each digit is multiplied by a power of two. The products are then added together. For example, to translate the binary number 11010 to decimal, the formula would be as followsTo convert a binary number to a hexadecimal number, separate the binary number into groups of four starting from the right and then translate each group into its hexadecimal equivalent. Zeros may be added to the left of the binary number to complete a group of f our. For example, to translate the number 11010 to hexadecimal, the formula would be as followsBinary Number SystemA Binary Number is made up of only 0s and 1s.http//www.mathsisfun.com/images/binary-number.gifThis is 1-8 + 1-4 + 0-2 + 1 + 1-(1/2) + 0-(1/4) + 1-(1/8)(= 13.625 in Decimal)Similar to theDecimal System, numbers can be placed to the left or right of the point, to indicate values greater than one or less than one. For Binary Numbers2 Different ValuesBecause you can only have 0s or 1s, this is how you count using BinaryDecimal0123456789101112131415Binary01101110010111011110001001101010111100110111101111Binary is as easy as 1, 10, 11.Here are some more equivalent valuesDecimal2025304050100200500Binary101001100111110101000110010110010011001000111110100How to file that a Number is BinaryTo show that a number is abinarynumber, follow it with a little 2 like this1012This way mess wont think it is the decimal number 101 (one hundred and one).ExamplesExample 1 What is 11112in De cimal?The 1 on the left is in the 2-2-2 position, so that means 1-2-2-2 (=8)The next 1 is in the 2-2 position, so that means 1-2-2 (=4)The next 1 is in the 2 position, so that means 1-2 (=2)The last 1 is in the units position, so that means 1Answer 1111 = 8+4+2+1 = 15 in DecimalExample 2 What is 10012in Decimal?The 1 on the left is in the 2-2-2 position, so that means 1-2-2-2 (=8)The 0 is in the 2-2 position, so that means 0-2-2 (=0)The next 0 is in the 2 position, so that means 0-2 (=0)The last 1 is in the units position, so that means 1Answer 1001 = 8+0+0+1 = 9 in DecimalExample 3 What is 1.12in Decimal?The 1 on the left side is in the units position, so that means 1.The 1 on the right side is in the halves position, so that means 1-(1/2)So, 1.1 is 1 and 1 half = 1.5 in DecimalExample 4 What is 10.112in Decimal?The 1 is in the 2 position, so that means 1-2 (=2)The 0 is in the units position, so that means 0The 1 on the right of the point is in the halves position, so that means 1- (1/2)The last 1 on the right side is in the quarters position, so that means 1-(1/4)So, 10.11 is 2+0+1/2+1/4 = 2.75 in Decimal

Motif of Play in John Updikes A&P Essay -- John Updike A&P

The Motif of Play in A & P In the short story A & P the author, John Updike, uses the motif of play as one of the main means by which he develops the character of Sammy, the nineteen-year-old narrator and protagonist of the story. In his galore(postnominal) and varied references to play, Sammy reveals, along with his obvious immaturity, his rich imagination and potential for possible growth. The story takes place in the summertime of 1960 on a Thursday afternoon. Sammy is utilise at the A & P grocery store located in the middle of a town north of Boston, ab break five miles from the beach. Along with Sammy, the former(a) characters involved in this story are three girls shopping in the A & P in their bathing suits, whom Sammy names Plaid, Queenie and Big Tall Goony-Goony Stokesie, Sammys wed co-worker and Lengel, the A & P manager. A & P is told from Sammys point of view. Sammy presents himself as a nonchalant and flippant young man. He appears to be somewhat disdainful of th e older people shopping in the store. However, near the end of the story, we see that he does take responsibility for his conscience-driven behavior and decision, revealing his passage out of adolescence into due date through the courage of his convictions. We see Sammys immaturity at its worst with his snide labeling of the customers in the A & P. An example of this occurs when he calls one lady a enchant about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows (p.33). Sammy places the blame on her for his mi menace at the cash register. He claims she would have been burned at the stake in Salem if she had been alive then. In another instance, he refers to the housewives shopping as houseslaves in pin curlers (p.34). He seems to be fo... ...gives him some insight into his future. As he is walking away from the A & P he sees Lengel in his place in the slot, checking the sheep through. His face was dark gray and his back stiff, as if hed vindicatory had an injection of iron, and my stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter (p.37). Sammy begins his transition from adolescence into adulthood here. He realizes that if he stays at the A & P he may end up like Lengel or the other sheep. He wants more out of life and his fantasy about being Queenies unsuspected hero (p.36) allows him to escape. Sammy comes to the conclusion that life is not going to be easy and he is going to collect decisions for himself that the people around him will not necessarily support. Work Cited Updike, John. A & P. Literature (4th ed). Ed. Robert DiYanni. New York McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Symbolism In The Call Of The W Essay -- essays research papers

In Jack Londons book, The Call of the Wild, he symbolizes many things in the book. Buck, gilded sacks, Mercedes, and others are looked on as symbolic. In this essay, you will find out what these items symbolize.The main character in the book is Buck, a half St. Bernard, half economical shepherd dog. In the story, he is betrayed by someone he trusts and is thrown into a harsh world. A world where you must work or be discarded. He adapts to the harsh environment, and soon enough becomes the leader of a wolf pack. Here London makes Buck a symbol of one that reaches full potential. preferably of lying around and doing nothing, he learns to work in a way he doesnt know too well about. He learns to fight and/or skid his food, if he didnt , he would have starved to death. That is why Buck is portrayed as one who achieves full potential.Mercedes portrays the absolute opposite to Buck. She represents all that is weak in a civilized society. She cannot live without her precious belongings like her clothes. A suitcase of clothes would have been suitable for the trip, but she cannot part with her clothes, so she brings nigh all of them. She doesnt know how to walk. When Charles and Hal ask her to get off the sled and hike along, she refuses and has to be carried off and dropped. When Charles and Hal set up camp, they have to go back and cleanse up Mercedes, who thinks she should be carried to Dawson City. Charles and Hal shouldn...